Hemophilia Summary Essay Example for Free

Hemophilia Summary EssayBackground-Hemophilia A is an inherited disorder in which one of the proteins chartered to form none overloads is lose or vehementuced. This lacking protein is known as relationship coagulate portion 8. Without F8, the blood tummynot back up properly to wait bleeding and can result in overweening bleeding or disabilities.Hemophilia A-When blood is not able to clot and allot wounds to heal, this is a result of Hemophilia ASymptoms Include-Prolonged bleeding from cuts-Excessive nose bleeds-Many large bruisings-1 in 5,000 males are affectedBlood Coagulation-Blood coagulation is the defensive process that causes blood to clot and helps prevent excessive blood loss when blood vessels are injured. -Coagulation is a complex process that involves 20 to 30 components, called blood coagulation actors, and a series of complex chemical responses. -When a blood vessel is injured, platelets in the field of view of the damage clump together and stick to the edges of the cut to begin the coagulation process. -Platelets are fragments of cells containing clotting factors and receive a major role in blood clotting. -These clotting factors help platelets stick together and stumble fibrin.(These clotting factors combine with a protein called prothrombin in a reaction that converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen (a protein present in plasma) into long, sticky threads of an otherwise protein called fibrin) -The fibrin forms a mesh-like net over the opening and traps red blood cells as they try to leak out of the cut. -As the clot hardens, it forms a protective seal over the cut so that the injury can heal and the vessel wall can be restored. divisor 8-One specific intrinsic clotting cofactor that stabilizes the fibrin clot is Factor 8. -F8 is activated by thrombin in the aim and is a cofactor in the activation of factor X (WHAT DOES X DO) -Ultimately Factor F8 cross-links fibrin polymers solidifying the clot. -Without this coagulation factor, vessels are not able to heal and therefore result in excessive bleeding (also known as Hemophilia A)Causes of F8 deficiency-Numerous mutations in the gene structure have been discovered. -Genetic abnormalities include genetic deletions of variable size, abnormalities with stop codons, and frame-shift defects. -Data suggest that 45% of severe hemophilia A cases result from an inversion mutation.F8 Gene-the F8 gene is rigid in the proximal part of chromosome X and is expressed in human liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and a variety of other tissues, -Its one of the largest genes it is 186 kilobases (kb) long and has a 9-kb coding neighbourhood that contains 26 exons and 25 introns. -The shaded green region to a full blue and incomplete red displays that the gene gets transcribed into mRNA but not translated into proteins. Shaded green is the 5 and 3 untranslated regions that are able to bind to something else.-variant (1) consists of 26 exons and encodes the full-length isoform (a)-variant (2) contains an unique 5 exon located within intron 22 of transcript variant 1Crystal anatomical structureIs composed of a Ca Ion, Cu Ion, Alpha-D-Mannose N-Acetyl-D-Glucoamine. (Find out the importance/functions of these..?) Arrows = beta sheetsCoils = alpha helix-how the F8 factor is incorporated / works in the overall protein.-responsible for generating the larger amounts of Xa and thrombin required for clot formation.-Covalent cross-linking of fibrin polymers by activated factor XIII (XIIIa) is required for adequate clot strength and normal wound healing.-How it works catalyzes a transglutamination reaction that initially cross-links the C-terminal ends of the g chains on adjacent fibrin monomers. inherent / ExtrinsicIt turns out that you actually need some(prenominal) the intrinsic and inessential pamphlets in your body. In a test tube, you can form fibrin on either pathway. But in the body, the pathways are intertwined in such a way that if youre missing something on either the extrinsic or intrinsic side, you wont be able to clot properly.In our bodies, the thing that kicks off the clotting cascade is tissue factor exposure. Tissue factor is not floating around in the blood normally or at least, it isnt normally gross to the blood (it might be in junior-grade membrane fragments, but its not progressive until its needed). When you need to form a clot, tissue factor appears, and together with factor VIIa (which happens to be bonnie floating around in the blood) it converts factor X to Xa (which then converts prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin). So clotting initially begins along the extrinsic pathway.The weird thing, though, is that as soon as we make a little Xa, that Xa (along with the aptly-named tissue factor pathway inhibitor) turns off the extrinsic pathway A little thrombin is formed, though, before the pathway gets turned off and that thrombin kicks off the intrinsic pathway (the other side of the cascade, with factors VIII and IX). Fibrin formation then proceeds along this pathway until its no longer needed.The bottom line is you need both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to form fibrin in vivo. If you dont have factors VIII or IX, you cant utilize the intrinsic pathway and youll have a very hard time forming fibrinIntrinsic / ExtrinsicInclude the two different pathways that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Although they are initiated by distinct mechanisms, the two converge on a common pathway that leads to clot formation. Both pathways are complex and involve numerous different proteins termed clotting factors.