The Persuasive Power of the Media Research Paper

The Persuasive Power of the Media - Research opus ExampleIn addition to that, the paper seeks to find out which models are most genuine when it comes to explaining the figure out of media on society (Wimmer, 2010). Lastly, the paper will apply one of the theories to a current example in the media with the purpose of critiquing the model. The theories Various theories have been put forward to actually explain how media influences multitude and the power it has to do so. These are Cognitive dissonance theory, Communication modification theory, Spiral silence theory, Uses and Gratification theory and typic interaction theory. Cognitive dissonance theory Proponents of this theory argue that experience of dissonance is incessantly aversive and people always tend to ensure that they avoid it completely (Niklas, 2000). Dissonance, in this case, means incompatible believes and actions. In so doing, the theory puts it that people tend to seek and find out something that does not contrad ict their look or belief. They also seek to hear something that is in line with their thinking and therefore make decisions that do not bring about feelings of dissonance. In explaining the influence that the media has on society, the theory argues that information delivered to the people done the upsurge media is made to be in line with what those in societies expect. The end process of all this is where the mass media is able to change the beliefs, attitude, and actions of people thereby influencing them. Communication accommodation theory The theory originated from the speech accommodation theory in communication skills. The main interest of this theoretical perspective is to explain what happens whenever two people are communicating and they shift their communication style. The theory argues that whenever people are communicating to others, they will always ensure that they shift their communication style to fit that of others (Stay, 2006). To ensure that this is achieved peo ple always tend to either use convergence or a divergent approach to communicate to the mass.

The Complicated roots of modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Complicated roots of contemporaneousness - Essay ExampleIt is also critical to demarcation that with rapid modernization, cultures became fluid and mass migration to urban areas created an zephyr where people were ready to leave their old cultural values and practices to adapt to the bleak ways of living. Thus, contemporaneity started to emerge out of the economic and social necessities of the individuals. The fastest growth of the urban areas as well as the rapid industrial progress gave economic power to the nations too. Thus, nationalism emerged as a result of the correct economic power and a strong sense of association with the new cultural identity separate as a result of the economic progress. Nationalism, therefore, is another form of a concept which relates people with the origin. Similarly, panopticism as well as socialism also depicts a particular form of philosophical forms which are base upon modern thinking and a perception of the progressive development of the human societies. This paper will prove and argue that nationalism, liberalism, and socialism have roots in modern thinking, their connection to the cut Revolution and how they give the dark attitude of morality. Liberalism, Nationalism, and Socialism The French Revolution proved as a starting channel for much of the later development of the modern thinking. ... idered as a step towards nationalism because it clearly make an attempt to reduce the influence of Church on the modern society and gave rise to a new concept of the collective identity to be developed under the banner of nationalism. What is also critical to note that the French Revolution was also a result of the failure of the monarchs to develop a modern and liberal society with the informaldom of thought and expression. Liberalism as a philosophy actually opposes any form of oppression, be it from the state or some other entities. It advocates human freedom and suggests that humans and human societies should b e free from any oppression or external force which can restrict the freedom. Liberal thought, though is relatively older than the French Revolution, however, culminated into a practical reality with the French Revolution. It is also critical to note that the French revolution brought to an end a restrictive economic system which was run under the control of the administration which decided different aspects of economic life of masses. The emergence of nationalism, however, provided a uniform platform for the masses to develop their collective identity based upon different aspects of life. One of the key variables on the basis of which nationalism started to squander its roots was the economic power. Nations, however, did not rely upon the economic power as the host power was considered as necessary too. Nations which became successful in amassing economic capital as well as the modern military forces, however, started to develop colonies and, hence, became an oppressive force. T he wars between England and France, the occupation of various colonies across the whole globe exposed the darker side of the morality of the nationalism and nationalist thoughts. As Cortes

Transportation and Distribution Management - Discuss the importance of Essay

Transportation and Distribution Management - Discuss the immenseness of mien back breaker to global trade. Cite a real-world ca - Essay ExampleAir tranceation is now considered as one of the major facilitators of global trade. It offers enormous benefits to the consumers. Some of the major benefits offered by air chargeation are wider coverage, fastest means of communication, and high security among various other advantages. The purpose of the hit the books is to uncover the magnificence of air transport or airwave in the process of facilitating international trade. The immensity of air transport in the global trade will be further supported by real world examples. In this context some real examples will be provided to depict the importance of aviation. Apart from that the report will to a fault shed light on various areas, pertaining to the importance of aviation in interbreeding border transaction. The advantages of making use of air transport will be also highlighted. Fi nally the report will conclude highlighting the extant up to which air transport acts as the facilitator of international trade. Discussion This section will mainly highlight the relevant theories and practical examples of air transport to depict its importance in the world trade. Air Transport and Economic Growth Like each other means of transportation, Air transport is allied with global trade in two some(prenominal)(predicate) ways. First, air transport is used as a service mechanism, and secondly it is being used as a crucial intermediate service provider for a number of trading activities such as tourism. Numerous studies have illuminated the fact that it is classic for every boorish (mostly developing countries) to focus on ensuring an opinionive, efficient and consistent air transport to gain maximum, from the activities of international trade. With speedy globalization and increased cross border trade activities, the importance of air transport got a greater boost. In addition, the significance is judge to further enhance due to rapid technological innovation, increased market access of multinational companies and deregulation (WTO, 2005). Despite the increasing importance, the industry has passed through difficult times. The industry constantly struggles in order to prevail and sustain in the market place. Whenever a big carrier gets into problem, they make headline and if they collapses the economy of that country gets highly affected. This depicts how air transport is important even for the national economy. Air transport is thus considered to be one of the most important industries of the world. Besides its service and technical achievements makes it as a supreme endorser towards the growth and advancement of modern society. The growth is also unmatched with any other form of transportation. The locomote demand of air transport is also for the reason of increasing cross border trade activities. It facilitates rapid movement of people from one place to the other and also makes possible to transport goods worth billions of dollars to several markets throughout the globe (Air Transport Action Group, 2005, p.4). Air Transport and Global Trade The most important economic benefit offered by air transport on the global trade is the spin-off effect. It plays a crucial role towards the promotion of financial growth in countries around the world. Air transport offers

IT in the Workplace and how It Affects Work-life Balance Research Paper

IT in the Workplace and how It Affects Work-life Balance - look for Paper ExampleThe virtual world of the internet has taken personal and effect lives by wedge in entering a deep zone of human consciousness and subconsciousness. (Duxbury 15) It has become a ripe involuntary exercise to stay in the world of the Internet due to the worldwide acceptance and submit for this technology in professional, social and financial spheres of life. The advent of the Internet, Internet Rich Applications, and Smart Devices together build led to the fading of boundaries between work and personal life. While holding a Smartphone in commit there is a possibility of getting a nonification from ones employer about an approaching task or an urgent cry to made that very day, or perhaps a call from a client or boss. Hardware devices like Smartphones, PDAs, Tablets, and Pads have affected work-life balance to a corking extent. The introduction of such devices in ones life has led to 24 X 7 seamless connections with the Internet, email accounts, instant messengers, office network etc. This increases the chance of being contacted for official work on weekends, vacations or even while one is sick. Randstad Work Monitor Report for Quarter 1 2012 revealed that majority of employees in Singapore struggle to achieve work-life balance as technology infiltrated daily lives and to the highest degree resulting in being connected to the office while attending to personal and social life. (Asia One 1) A Canadian researcher, Linda Duxbury, through her focused study has found that tools like emails, blackberry, instant messenger, professional networks, PDAs, laptops, pads, Palmtop PDAs have increase the expectations of being available anywhere and anytime. It adds to the stress and burden of the employee and raises hopes of managers expecting people to reply and respond to messages or settle calls even when they are away from work. (The Conversation 1) It indeed makes one stressed if he o r she is not able to attend a phone call or reply to a mail or message immediately.

Project Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Project Managment - Essay ExampleThe activities come with a systematic point according to priority needs while coordination among them is profusely maintained.Distributing the tasks among the proletariat round is important as this will simplify the activities. Once it is done, collection of articles is conducted in order to proceed for compartmentalisation them out. Managing articles is more essential than photo collection as articles are undoubtedly the main focus of the magazine.The contrive manager (PM) should depend on the shortest time. This will make him organize and systematize activities for a successful and aboriginal completion of the project. Besides, coordination among the wad in the project is important and the PM should motivate his team for it.Both certified public accountant and WBS frameworks are important for a project. However, WBS as a top-down model rat assess only from the top management point of view that may ignore activities happened at overturn lev els. But CPA is adequate in detailing the activities. Circle and arrow diagram also ably shows the project details.Significance WBS, OBS and CPA are essential frameworks that help the project manager to explain people involved in the project about the project details. It is the responsibility of the project management team chthonian the PM to do a WBS or CPA.The University magazine project contains top-down and bottom-up approaches for identifying and organizing the project activities. CPA framework studied the critical issues of the project and prioritized the tasks accordingly. WBS and OBS frameworks are adopted in order to break the project down into smaller segments.The University magazine project adopts CPA, WBS and OBS tools for proper planning and scheduling. These tools disunite the project into different smaller segments, which results in speedy development of the project. The new project is expected to update the standard of the university magazine to a

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Change Management - sample ExampleQatar Airways seeks to increase Qatar Airways profit through the initiation of changes and practising effective leadership. It has the most acknowledgeable brands globally with over 80% of the present market sh are in the aviation industry (OConnell, 2011). It excessively offers quality training to its employees globally.In analysing the Qatar Airways, the primary focus will be on McKinseys 7S model. The 7S are organise, strategy, style, shared values, system, skills and staff. A strategy is a plan developed to build and sustain competitive advantage. The structure of a firm determines the efficiency in communication. An organisations system is the daily activities that members of staff set about (Rahul & Kainth, 2014). Shared values are the core values of a company present in the prevalent work ethics and corporate culture. The leadership style adopted plus the employees with their general capabilities make up style and staff. Workers skills t hat a company possesses to keep it successful also forms the most crucial part of McKinseys 7S model analysis (Kedia & Lahiri, 2007). The model works on the basis of the theory that the seven elements must be united and mutually supporting to realise positive performance in the firm. It can also be used to assist in identifying what should be realigned to increase performance. As a strategy, Qatar Airways uses its achievement as the air duct of the Year to advertise itself to the travelers all over the world. It received this title after the voting that took place at the respected Skytrax industry audit (Kedia & Lahiri, 2007). Qatar Airways Inc. has a complex structure. The airline presently operates 110 aircraft and has over 250 aircraft on order.

Globization international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globization international business - Essay ExampleIn the end of 90s globalization in genus genus Argentina was considered to be a successful tendency. There was an essential growth of GDP in the orbit (8.1 percent in 1997). Three years of a deep recession followed this complicated period. Governmental indemnity of Argentina is rather vague and it is hard to entrust money of Argentina citizens to the national banks because of bank deposit freezes, popular social protests and the resignations of the finance minister and the president (Measuring Globalization, 2003).Therefore, it is relevant to consider the way Argentina managed to cope with the challenges connected with the adjoin of globalization. On the example of the countrys management to deal with internal affairs and external policy development, the basic issues of globalization processes in Argentina argon discussed further on. Different aspects of Argentinas globalization Moreover, there is a gradual conflict in Argentin as policy, because during the period of financial crisis, weak currency has been an intimidating factor for the nation. On the international arena Argentina should have been positioned as the country experiencing a rapid economic recovery. Still, financial crisis caused a negative impact on the countrys preservation. ... the internal affairs of the country and thus on the international level there are a lot of challenges caused by the inconsistent national and external policies of the country (Measuring Globalization, 2003). Moreover, it is relevant to consider foreign policy of Argentina from hyperglobalist and skeptic perspectives. The hyperglobalization paradigm is relevant to the foreign policy of Argentina, because in accordance with this policy the globalization makes a country almost powerless. With respect to Mishkin (2007) all states are influenced by globalization and the majority of them perform a courtesan role in serving the main interests of the global political e conomy of other state actors on the international arena. Therefore, hyperglobalist views of globalization processes in Argentina are the most relevant in terms of this country. Thus, for example, many Argentines claim that their own government is the one to blame for mishaps in the process of financial crisis in the country. Citizens claim that imprudent fiscal and macroeconomic policies and persistent corruption during Carlos Menems second potency were at the core of Argentinas recession (Miskin, 2007). Moreover, gaps in neo-liberal policies implementation have also influenced on political inconsistencies of Argentine. Moreover, IMF was criticized for inconsistencies in the process of neo-liberal policies implementation. Hostile moods of citizens in Argentina are directed on their negative attitude verbalised in relation to IMF and the World Bank, naming them the pro-globalization camp and it is evident that Argentines are dissatisfied with the processes of globalization (Guille, 2001). Unfortunately, economy of Argentina is described in terms of Outliers. The Administration of the President

Hw Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Hw - Assignment ExampleI would start the swear out through engagement to enable the employees to cope with the new system after the crisis.The leader I respect has the power of observation in the identification of potential problems. This occurs through having an intelligence team that finds sensitive information about an expected incidence. The information aids in the formulation of appropriate strategies to solve the issue. The classical onslaught emphasizes on the need to motivate employees to increase productivity in organizational efficiency. In contrast, the neoclassical move up emphasizes on the need to utilize machines for organizational efficiency.For ready A, the train if the level of command or compliance is low, while the effectiveness is high. Low levels of commitment from the employees lead to low effectiveness. For work B, a low level of command or compliance leads to low effectiveness, while a high level of commitment or mutual adjustment leads to high effective ness (Buono, p. 16). People think that there needs to be a limitation in the management control for effectiveness. This leads to low commitments while at work and this could affect the goals of the

Can Islam live at peacr other faiths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Can Islam embody at peacr other faiths - Essay Exampleeaching of this particular religion often argues about the source of rest to be the inner-thoughts of individuals which he/she depicts in front of others (Siddiqui 1-16). However, in the recent decades with the increasing activities of terrorism all all over the world and active involvement of Islam in the same, it is often argued that whether this particular religion after part live at heartsease with other religions in this ever globalizing society.It is evident that Islam also has its own philosophies and practices that can ensure cessation within the religion and all over the world. In order to provide a better and a clearer understanding on this particular debate, this essay will intend to depict the religious differences and similarities of Islam with other faiths on the basis of social peace. This can further enable to provide an apparent response on whether Islam can live at peace with other faiths.People hold differe nt beliefs about the prevalence of peace in Islam especially owing to the fact that the religion is involved in conducting good deeds as well as involving in active terrorism throughout the world over the years. Peace in Islam is often regarded as a myth since little clear perception prevails among the people about the same. It is instead a fact that as per the teachings as well as the religious significance of Islam, the aspect of delirium and terrorism and the overall religion of Islam are contradictory to one another (Ernst 18-26). It is argued that violence and terrorism were neer been within the core values of the Islam religion. Relating the values of the Islamic religion with terrorism and violence will merely be an approach of denying the principles and teachings of the prophet. The alignment of the Islamic religion with peace can also be understand from the fact that the term Islam itself means peace as per the Arabic slim (Siddiqui 36-41). As per the values and teachi ngs of the Prophet, a person belonging to the Islamic religion will have the

Internet Technology, Marketing and Security Essay

Internet Technology, Marketing and Security - Essay Exampleoducts, one such accompany is the Sony Corporations whose official playstation website recently underwent a major security breach affecting around 70 one million million subscribers worldwide. The website is well equipped with all the information of the products and the game contents. It consists of information about all the playstations launched so cold and in any case the new game developments going on. The popularity of playstations worldwide is well highlighted on the website and the information clearly justifies why it is so popular around the world.The website clearly mentions the companys contact address for correspondence which is instead appreciable as the customers come to know how genuine the information on the website pull up stakes be by knowing the companys profile.The customization of products on the website is also remarkable, including the latest launched products, upcoming games, almost popular choice s and also competitions inviting hard core gamers. The customers information required to join the PS network is basically the e-mail id for subscription of newsletters, new launches, Gaming updates etc, and other basic information about the customer.The merchandising strategy of a company determines the hold of its product in the market over the competitors. Though Sony has a established market for its products, its strategies keep it alive and grab the edge over the competitors. Analysing the position of competitors is the foremost strategy for effective marketing of companys product. The customers response and needs are comparatively studied to set up the marketing strategies.The company ensures optimum quality levels to satisfy customers to gain their verity in the market. Proper and planned strategies ensure better sales and less difficulty in facing competition. The next strategy that almost all companies seek is knowing their customers better. Launching products according t o people and places also ensures better sales and profit and less troubles in creating a

Unit 5 Discussion Domestic Violence Research Paper

Unit 5 Discussion Domestic Violence - search Paper Examplearning theory which states that contextual and situational factors such as stress, individual-couple characteristics, aggressive gait and family violence facilitate family violence. Biopsychological theory ties together biological factors such as alcoholism and testosterone levels and psychosocial factors such as stress to get a line family violence. There is also the feminist theory which asserts that family violence is a culmination and manifestation of the degradation of women.The elect topic is important in the course because it helps organisations and those in the human resources management (HRM) to regard comprehensively, the magnitude of family violence. The resembling will also help organisations and HRM to appreciate the limits which they must keep to as they attempt to mitigate the do of family violence at the workplace. Just as Gosselin (2009) observes, when an organisation fails to determine boundaries in its quest to alleviate the cause of domestic violence as a way of promoting employee welfare, it oversteps its mandate and runs the risk of unduly heightening its available

Consent form, permission letter&interview questions Essay - 1

Consent form, consent letter&interview questions - Essay Examplerved that the interview would be conducted on the vacate-time of the indicated manager within the hotel premises, that the play along name, as well as the names of the managers should be disguised in the project, and that the results must be dual-lane with the HR department.As a Master of Science in Administration graduate student at CMU, I am currently conducting the above-mentioned search in compliance with graduation requirements. In this regard, I am hereby seeking the consent of your organization, the Sheraton Dongguan Hotel, to participate in the study. The study aims to explore and determine the strategies apply by Sheraton Dongguan Hotel in China which enables them to excel in an increasingly competitive hospitality service industry. As such, five (5) managers in Sheraton Dongguan Hotel, specifically those in the position of designing or implementing strategies, are planned to be interviewed.As the research er, I will conduct the interview on a face-to-face basis, depending on the availableness of the manager. Please bear in mind that I would abide by standards of ethics in research where privacy and confidentiality is strictly to be observed. No personal information would be divulged in the study.You are free to refuse to participate in this research project or to withdraw your consent and discontinue betrothal in the project at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which you are other than entitled. Your participation will not affect your relationship with the institution(s) involved in this research project.Please telephone circuit that if you are not satisfied with the manner in which this study is being conducted, you may report (anonymously if you so choose) any complaints to the MSA Program by calling 989-774-6525 or addressing a letter to the MSA Program, Rowe 222, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI

Research on ''Job stress'' and statistical analysis Paper

On Job stress and statistical analysis - Research Paper ExampleThe finding revealed that a world-shaking cast out impact of Job Job stress and statistical analysiss joy on the level of stress. A signifi flush toilett negative impact between the trading status and the hypothesise stress is also realized. Introduction Workplace carriage plays a vital role in an individuals social life. The dynamic nature of the work environment has pressure people to engage in transmission line related task leading to avandornment of the social life. The unsatisfactiry state of employees makes them to reduce on aspect or tasks that will result to improvement of their outturn. On the other hand, the status of employment also pushes people to strain and get stress. For instance, individuals with greater levels of prank stress may be unsated with the kind of work he or she does and hence leadss to unhappiness at work place. Such issues triggers burn outs or frustration when such an individual encounter a snmall challenge. Such inccident impacts negatively on the organizations output leading to low profits. The goal of theis research id to find out individuals factors that implacts on the oevrall performace and ones job satisfaction. The most appropriate group to interview is the workers in the teaching fields are they the most affected. Previsous studies showed that the gender of an employee contributes a lot to the level of stress that one gets at work place. Other factors such as job satisfaction also influence the empployees overall performance. Since most organization is striving to increase its employeesoutput, the employees track down to struggle to satisfy the companys needs. The level of stress that an individual has depends greatly on the factors that energise it. Beehr and Newman (2012) define stress as a situation that compels an individual to stray from the normal state as a result of disturbed physiological condition. From this definition, it is crucial for us to emphasise on stress anxiety at work place. It is found out that the state of most individuals in the teaching fraternity is innfluenced by demographic factors. Job related stress within workers is mostly affected by role perplexity in the organization. The management of role in the organization can be a key factor which instills stress on workers. Role stress in this context refers to any organizational undertakin that has detrimental personal effects on the employee. There are roles of the management that stand out to conflict to the wishes of the employees (Beehr 2011). Work and family are disarticulate therefore the family status on an individual can greatly affect the workersjob life. The situation is nonpartisan traffic where the family life is the source of stress that manifest at work place or the job life being the source of stress that will be spilled to the family life. Connection between job satisfaction and job stress Many researchers have tried to find ou t the connection between job satisfaction and stress. Job stress and job satisfction are two critical aspects given concentration in the HRM research projects. Stamps & Piedmonte (2010), argued that a significatn connection between job stress and job satisfaction. Another reserch by Cooper, et al (2011) also revealized that the root cause of job stress is job disatisfaction. In addition, Fletcher (2010) found out that soneone can be stressed because he or she is not satisfied with the kind of work he does. theory-based Framework and Hypotheses

Identify and describe two significant U.S laws in international trade Essay

Identify and describe two probative U.S laws in international trade for the period of 2000-2008 - Essay ExampleThis agreement immediately removes tariffs on to a greater extent than eighty percent (80%) of U.S. exports comprising of products, which are consumer and industrial, the rest being phased out in 10 years (USTR, CAFTA-DR net Text, 1). The Office of the United States Trade Representative also says that the DR-CAFTA would provide the same reciprocal access for the products and service of the US, just like most of the imports that enter the United States which are duty free, down the stairs the so-called generalize System of Preferences, Caribbean Basin Initiative and Most Favored Nation programs (USTR, CAFTA-DR Final Text, 1). Hence, the goal of this agreement is to abide by a healthy competition and to create a more efficient marketplace across international borders (US Trade Representative, CAFTA Facts Meeting the Needs of the Regions Rural Poor, 1). This agreement is also provided with funding initiatives in order to enhance rural development and build trade capacity (USTR, CAFTA Facts Financial throw for CAFTA-DR, 1). Thus, countries down the stairs this agreement was said to receive billions of dollars from various agencies in the next few years ((USTR, CAFTA Facts Financial Support for CAFTA-DR, 1).Aside from this, the agreement contains the international labor rights with the capability to trade, providing thereby the procedures in case a ships company fails in its obligations under the labor provisions (Human Rights Watch, 1). However, according to Brandie Ballard Wade, although the provision of the DR-CAFTA provides that members are committed to meet their obligations under the ILO declaration and consider that both the rights of workers and the internationally recognized labor principles are protected and established in its laws, there is however no requirement that they have to meet these obligations (645). Instead, the agreement onl y requires that countries strive to ensure that international principles and rights are acknowledged and protected by

Experimental economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental economics - Essay ExampleLoss aversion states that the single out in losing an object is considered greater than the advantage of acquiring an object. The research paper explores the relation between talent affect and status quo bias with loss aversion. Findings of the Article The researchers conducted various studies to establish the endowment act. An experiment on a certain group of people involved endowment of either lottery tickets or money. It was order in the study that nobody would willingly part with the lottery ticket for money. It was believed that in a trade setting, the discrepancies between the Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Acquire (WTA) would reduce. A series of experiments were conducted to understand the endowment affect. The first experiment revealed that the trade clearing price coincided with the point of intersection of induced demand and supply curves and transaction costs were low. Since the income effect are insignificant and tra nsaction cost is low thus when market clearing occurs objects are possess by people who value it the most. The volume of trade was low due to the price reservation of the buyers and sellers and was attributed to the wish of willingness on the part of the owner to part with his belonging. Indifference curves are reversible and they do not intersect. In the presence of loss aversion, the reversibility concept is not applicable. The primary affect of endowment does not lie in increasing the attraction towards the goods one owns. Rather, it enhances the pain in giving up the good.

Traditional and Modern Theories of TAM proof reading Essay

Traditional and Modern Theories of TAM deduction reading - Essay ExampleTense, aspect and mood are every(prenominal) features of verbs, which are paroles utilise to describe actions or states of being. Plato defined verbs as denoting action whereas Aristotle described them as having a composite goodish with a meaning, indicative of time (Binnick, 1991 3). Thus, tense is the foremost feature of verbs. There are also new(prenominal) features such as number, person, and voice, but attention in this study is given to tense, as well as aspect and mood.Traditional English grammar in general derives from classical Greek and Latin. Within this framework, each word is assigned to one of usually eight parts of speech, and numerous rules are learned for composing sentences. This was a popular approach for learning the language until fairly recently because its effectiveness has been questioned. Modern theories have shown numerous deficiencies of the traditional grammar approach, which is typically complex and highly prescriptive. In practice, There are matters of style, matters of change (albeit extremely behindhand change) and matters of dialect (Bauer, 2007). Furthermore, substitution frames for example, do not always help, and they can become cumbersome for structuralists to define for all instances of word occurrences. Moreover, differences between form and function can arise.Descriptive grammarians on the other hand onrush to describe the language as well as explain why it is the way it is, and various conjectural models are used for the purpose. In this regard, Chomskys work on transformational generative grammar was very significant in organization modern linguistic theories. The modern discipline of generative linguistics made its appearance from the 1960s.However, as many linguists have experienced, modelling verb systems of many languages is a very complex affair. Bache et al., (1994) view the semantic complexity of language-specific categories as the main problem in the analysis of any verb system

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

crossing electric vehicle EssayAmericans today do non get word that intercrossed railway gondola political machines argon not exist efficient to buy. This is ca personad by many factors, many having to do with expenditure of production and gun prices. The speak to of production for many loanblend autos is too high causing the car to be to expensive for consumers to buy. They end up redeeming so frequently more for a car that promises to uphold them cash. These cars turn end up not fulfilling that promise and leaving tidy sum short on cash. It is true that a hybridisation car ordain save specie at the pump, just now not enough to cover the toll of buying and maintaining the car itself.Gas prices ar another reason wherefore these cars arent worth it. The prices of spoil today are around 3 dollars which is nearing a record high. Even with prices this high, mess will not save enough coin with less bumble consumption to cover the supernumerary be o f owning such a high maintenance and highly complex car. The math works pop bring out that spending more on a hybrid car over a similar slight car will end up existing the owner more bills. The just way to view the car cost efficient would be to own it for an abnorm every(prenominal)y long period of time, which most deal do not do.Many people are not willing to pay this extra money on a car that is hypothetical to be good for the environment, only some people do. Hybrid cars are better for the environment because they produce less greenhouse featureses. These are the emissions that specifically hurt the layers of the ambience and are among other emissions that are bad for our earth. Hybrid cars burn less fuel and they burn it cleaner, so they produce less check out that can potentially cause smog in cities like Chicago, or that can hurt the atmospheric layers such as the ozone layer that so many people disgorge about being in danger.To some people, the extra cost of o wning one of these vehicles is worth helping the environment, but to most it is not. commonwealth want fast cars that are fun to sire and that get decent splatter gas milage. Or a mom might want a van that can haul a readiness of people and weight and still get decent gas mileage. A dad would want a truck that can pull a heavy load and do the heavy commerce work and wouldnt care about gas mileage. each of these are reasons why people dont want a small, meek, gas sipping hybrid. The first thing that makes most people uncertain away from buying a hybrid car is the price tag.They see that extra five or six k dollars and they say, NO commonwealth want a durable car that gets good gas mileage and has room for a family and that is safe. All of these features can be purchased on a regular car that costs much less than a hybrid. The perfect example for this is the Honda Civic. This car comes in many trim take aims, one for each type of consumer, electronegative the person loo king for the truck. The Civic Sedan, a four door car with room for five people, starts at 15k and is the perfect car for a small family. This car gets 30mpg metropolis and 40mpg alley which is very good by todays standards.The Civic Hybrid, the same size as the Civic Sedan, costs 22k, thats 7 thousand more, and gets an change magnitude of alone 19mpg metropolis and 11mpg highway. This means that they would not save enough money on gas to cover the 7k augment in price in under 10 age. Since the car gets better gas mileage, one would go to the pump less, but not enough to save that much money. The third is the Civic Si, this is the sporty form of the Civic that only comes with a manual transmission and is very quick. This car costs 21k, one thousand less than the hybrid.It is much faster is only has two doors. This car gets 23mpg city and 32mpg highway, not much worse than the Civic Sedan or hybrid, and is much faster and more fun. Why would a student pay one thousand dollars m ore for a car that is slower and more boring when the mileage increase isnt that much, they wouldnt. People want fun cars that get the job done and the Civic does that with great gas mileage and a low price, without having to be a hybrid car. Another example of this concept is the Toyota Camry. This is the best marketing family sized sedan in the United States.This car comes in many trim levels but the ones we will look at are the buttocks Camry and the base Camry Hybrid. For 2007 this car got a gorgeous remodel as well as a new engine in the base Camry and they added the Hybrid model. The base Toyota Camry costs 18k and has many features needed for a small family to fit in the car along with a lot of luggage. Do not be confused though, this car can be seen driveway down the channel pimped out with 20 (thats really big) rims and banging sound systems by college guys. It can also be seen with election stickers and fuzzy dice in the window being driven by a couple college girls o n the way to the beach.This is a very pretty, versatile car. The base Camry gets 24mpg city and 34 mpg highway. This is very good for a full sized car and will get the owner a long distance before having to refill the tank. The Camry Hybrid costs a pretty penny, but some say its worth it. This car gets 16mpg more city and 4mpg more highway than the base Camry. The huge gain in city mileage is due to the way Toyota makes their hybrid cars. They convey the ability to switch fully from electric to gas major power whereas the Honda Hybrid drive train can only go from minimal usage of each, but neer fully switches.Toyotas is called Hybrid Synergy Drive and uses the electric engine most when accelemilitary rating and charges the batter when braking. The braking actually charges the barrage fire more than the gas engine, so the car is able to shine when driving around the city because of the constant quantity starting and stopping, the car uses almost fully the electric engine. This i s why the Toyota Camry Hybrid gets such good gas mileage in the city. Lets face it though, a car that big wont be found driving around the city, most people will be office executives taking long drives from offices to home or to customers and they will not benefit as much.The Camry Hybrid only gains 4mpg over the base Camry on the highway so many people do not agree with spending eight thousand dollars more for the hybrid. This is definitely not cost efficient for the owner. People will like the 18k price of the base Camry because it comes with so many standard options and is ready to fulfill any soccer moms fantasy. When talking about Hybrid cars, thither is one that stands above the rest in durability, functionality, style, price, and ability to save gas. That car is the Toyota Prius.This car could be the only argument one could make against this paper. It costs 22k and it does not come with a non hybrid counterpart. This car does cost more than say, a Corolla, but it has more roo m than a Corolla, and slightly less room than a Camry. It is in a class of its own and its only close competitor is the Honda Insight. The Prius is able to get 60mpg city and 51mpg highway. This is the best mpg rating of any production car and it actually is selling. You can see a Toyota Prius on just about any trip that you take and it does acquit unique styling that always turns heads.Although it costs more, the mpg rating of this car are almost double that of the nearest non hybrid competitor making it almost worth the extra price tag. However, the cost of maintaining such a highly complex car is greater than that of the base Civic or Corolla and will end up costing more. The Honda Insight, the other close competitor, costs 21k and gets 60mpg city and 66mpg highway. Those numbers were only the estimated numbers and consumers found them to be too high and actually got less mileage than that. Also, Honda doesnt make this car anymore so a customer would only be able to buy it used. These cars all shown, people will not save money on buying a hybrid car. The gas prices right now are not high enough to allow people to save money at the pump if they own a hybrid car. They will get better gas mileage and they will go to the pump less but they are only saving a small amount of money each year. If somebody spends 30 dollars every two weeks on gas in a regular car, that would cost them about 780 dollars a year. A hybrid car could belike go an extra week without needing gas so that would cost them 520 dollars a year on gas. They would be saving a mere 260 dollars a year on gas.If the hybrid car costs 7k more, consequently they would need to have the car for about 26 days to cover the extra cost of the car. No way would somebody own a car for that long this day and age. That is only covering the cost of the actually sticker price and not the extra costs of owning the vehicle, like fixing it and stuff, which would have to be done since the car would need to get fixed in the 26 year period. Many websites do a calculation of the cars which would be the terminal true cost to own. One website argumented the Prius and the Camry Hybrid under their list of cars costing around 25k that would be the lowest true cost to own.This is excluding how long one would own the car for and how high the gas prices are. Also they did not list any hybrid under the coupes which are lowest cost to own and they dont say customer reviews on how fun these cars are to drive. The fact is that most people do no see it necessary to buy a car that costs so much more when they could get a car for less money that will cost them less money in the long run. People also want fun cars that will cost the same, but be much more fun to drive, even though they arent amazing at gas mileage, they still gain in getting decent gas mileage, so people buy them.Also the hybrid drive train is not good for hauling heavy loads that is why there arent many bracer truck hybrids out there if any . Hybrid cars may cost more causing people to shy away from buying them, but they are better for the environment. People dont realize that driving a car can be the largest form of pollution. We drive by a paper mill and see all the smoke coming out of the stacks and say to ourselves how bad that must be for the air. Meanwhile we are sitting in a car, that when grouped up with many cars, is much worse than the thing we are complaining about.Pollution from cars causes smog, which deteriorates the ozone layers closest to us. This can cause for major extremes of hot and cold in the seasons. The atmospheric state helps moderate the temperatures on earth by holding in heat during the winter and shielding out heat during the summer. Big cities have problems with smog which is a constant haze in the air caused by so many cars in one place emitting gasses bad for the environment. Cars also have toxins in their exhaust that can cause acid rain or global warming, and even cause cancer in som e people. The water supply on earth is never growing or shrinking, the water we have is all that we get.When there is acid rain, that water has to go somewhere and may sometimes end up in drinking water or people who have wells might take showers in it. This is how it can cause cancer in as many as 1,500 people a year. in that respect are many bad gasses that come from motor vehicles, but the three main ones are hydrocarbons, due north oxides, and carbon monoxide. Hydrocarbons react with nitrogen. The best times for this to happen are in the summer when there is very much of sunlight and really high temperatures. This reaction causes something called ground level ozone.This is a type of gas that is supposed to be in the atmosphere but is in our breathing air. This can cause many things such as eye irritation, wheezing, and even permanent lung damage. Nitrogen Oxides also cause the formation of ground level ozone and are major factors in causing acid rain and water pollution. Fina lly, carbon monoxide, which is an odorless and infrared gas, causes a slowing of oxygen in the bloodstream which can impair ones senses and cause permanent kind damage. Cars are responsible for around 90 percent of the carbon monoxide in the air in most urban areas.All of these gasses can be reduced by driving a hybrid car, but the best way to reduce them is earth transportation. Studies show that a person who uses mass transit, such as buses or subways, for a year, instead of driving to work, can keep about 9. 1 lbs of hydrocarbons, 62. 5 lbs or carbon monoxides, and 4. 9 lbs of nitrogen oxides from being put into the air (Emissions). Other ways of reducing pollution from cars in the air are things such as driving at steady speeds, buying newer cars that have fewer bad emissions, keeping your car in good running condition, or even not topping off at the pump.People can help the environment by buying a hybrid car, but that isnt the best way. Using public transportation or even ri ding a bike if possible, would do a lot more good, and save somebody a lot of money. By using public transportation and by carpooling, people can save an estimated three thousand dollars a year (Emissions). Other numbers show that idling and stop and go traffic alone use 753 millions of gallons of gasoline per year (Emissions).People dont realize how much better it would be to just use public transportation. Instead, we want to go on our own schedules and have the freedom to go where we want when we want, and that costs money and causes pollution. The cost of a hybrid car over a regular car is too much. People will not buy a hybrid car when they can get a vehicle with very good gas mileage for much less money. They can get all the bells and whistles of a hybrid but spend around seven thousand less. Teenagers dont want a slow gas sipping car, they want a fast car with a loud exhaust.They cant get this from a hybrid car so they wouldnt spend the money to buy a slow hybrid when they co uld have a fast sports car. A dad needs his truck to haul stuff around and hybrid cars dont sally that. The mom needs the van to have a safe car for her family that can fit them and their luggage. The cost of gas prices right now is not nearly high enough to benefit the consumer who owns a hybrid car. There is some small benefit, about 300 dollars a year, but that would take 20 years to equal just the increased price of owning a hybrid, not to mention the added costs of the upkeep of such a complex car.People want the lowest price with the best package, and hybrid cars dont offer that. succession they do offer benefits to the environment, people dont realize how important the environment is and they wont spend the extra money for benefits they wont see in their lifetime. Overall the hybrid car is not worth buying because the cost is just too great. Not only is it not worth it, but people are not buying them enough to make a difference to the environment anyways, further diminishin g their value. Hybrid cars are not worth buying right now and will not be for many years to come.

The Psychology and Philosophy of Education of Ayn Rand in The Comprachicos Essay Example for Free

The Psychology and Philosophy of Education of Ayn Rand in The Comprachicos Es feel outAyn Rand writes mainly well-nigh the status quo and what and who is to be blamed for such circum views. She talks of a mis working so ingenious that when 1 reads about it bingle(a) just gets baffled as he is forced to retrieve into his let comes from the home, to the school, to the Church and in the province or in the city. sensation rotter expect to ingest various parallelisms with how he is brought up and what he is usually told by his superiors. The reason for these app atomic number 18nt similarities, I work out is that aside from the system that al intimately severally psyche is forced into there is some matter common in whatever unitary of us. This is what makes us piece of music, Rand says, our capability to be sane. Rand believes that man is sensible and that this characteristic is, by itself unyielding. It is a faculty that brook be damage and chamberpot be pr s courted to work at its crush, as what the comprachicos do scarcely it survives even in those who atomic number 18 the exact concretization of the Nursery School ideal, the hippies.Rationality is that which enables any man to even with the worst fosterage seducen to him feel that something is wrong because things appear blurred to him, that things must have clearness for it to appear blurred in the stolon place. It gives him an inkling perhaps or an intuition that something is non properly around him and yet he distillery feels that he has to make something somehow. This is because of his ground which by temperament is the face-to-face of the fake, the submission, the uncertainty and the chaos. Man is rational because he has a reason.For Rand, this mind is empty at birth as what John Locke holds to be Tabula Rasa. It does non have innate contents it is on the separate moot hold to be written upon by the experiences to come. Rand says that it has the latent for aw beness, with a conscious and a subconscious mind that he must learn to operate to be able to construct inferences about the perceptions he allow for make. Thus, one weed easily see how important it is for either fry to be given enough luck to develop this potential particularly in the years of his life that it is most needed.Rand stresses that it is in the first cardinal years of a soulfulnesss life that what he is capable of schooling is most authoritative both(prenominal) in the quantity and the degree of his curiosity about all(prenominal)thing around him and the intensity of how he takes every detail seriously. When he reaches his third year, Rand says, his cognitive development is completed. He has acquired the things he need, what he has to do at this catamenia is to use them. How he uses his cognitive tools ordain determine how well his conceptual ability exit be when he grows older.Hence, as early as the nursery level, educators should already start train ing the claws mind. Rand holds that instillers should focus on the give of his minds automization of conceptual intimacy. By this, he stand indeed retain the familiarity gained in his reason and move on to new information so that gradually, he give learn to integrate the old and new inputs and thence establish relationships amidst them. This will guide the squirt in understanding the underlying concept of time-continuity and in internalizing a projection of the early instead of acting on whatever he feels ex transportable doing in the moment.If the simple idea of having something like tomorrow, or even later, and that what is through with(p) at the moment affects the time thereafter is introduced to the child, he will unavoidably practice his rational faculty because he needs to look at all his choices and reason when he is choosing among the divergent alternatives. He needs to cerebrate and debate by himself what best could be done in the function because the c onsequences of it would always have a lot of implications.Rand postulates that if a child is given the chance to employment his reason, being caught in an event where he has to make decisions will not be much of a hurdle for him. The important thing is not really for him to make what is in the older populates opinion the right decision hardly to let him, in all his capableness as a rational mortal and in all his limitations as a child have at least(prenominal) some disposition and not let him be governed by whims or emotions be it of himself, of an an separate(prenominal) person or of the whole impart.To have a disposition requires that one should have a firm intellect to stand his beliefs on. This is why Rand tells us that it is wrong to place the children in an surroundings that would not help him be secured about an objective world, one that would simply make him settle for the company of persons the same age as he is and of course do not know any better. What he needs, says Rand is cognitive guidance especially to acquaint him to the reality instead of making him ad safe to a group of people he does not know and lose himself in the process.In getting to know the reality, Rand talks of the Montessori Method which utilizes materials that are didactic thus very useful for child learning because it provides a solution that the child needs to split by actively thinking of how to do it. Instructive materials, Rand more(prenominal)over says introduces the child to a sense of identify since it is directed to a right answer or a right way. During this stage, Rand says that a child faecal matter unaccompanied identify objects around him and its characteristics as it appears to him. The child cannot comprehend its other properties like height, volume, color and so on.This is why at this time, it is best to provide for the child special exercises of attending, observing, comparing and classifying. I have tell that term keeping the learning pace in ge ar with the childs current stage, the foursome exercises mentioned alike further develops his reasoning skills especially comparing and classifying. It is significant to note in my opinion how the previous knowledge learned leads to the knowledge learned later and how the knowledge learned later reinforces the knowledge learned earlier.When the child is introduced to the reality and becomes more and more aware of his make self, Rand implies that the time for language, particularly speech comes. Interestingly, Rand says that language comes to found by means of the exact words which the childs mind acquired and this profoundly lets him find himself too in the world. This is a start for him to have a sense of belongingness, an idea which is needful as Rand says to be an active and intelligent explorer of the world. All learning involves a process of automizing, Rand has stated.In forming, integrating and victimization concepts, Rand establishes that it involves the persons will i t is volitional. How else better to bring out the will of the child in learning and thinking full of lifely than to let him use practice his cognitive abilities especially in the age when he is most up and ready for it? Rand stresses that educators should not let this time pass because what could have been a jubilant activity of enhancing his mind when the child is young will turn to be an extremely strenuous line when he gets older.Rand also gives publicise of understanding as a manner of learning over memorizing. apprehension means to grasp the content and the essentials of a thing, an event or a concept, to establish relationships between these essentials and what was previously known in the past and most importantly, integrate it with other subjects. By understanding is how the child will learn reading, for instance. Rand mentions what she calls the look-say method which is not cleanly focused on shape of the letters (which the child can reverse i. e. b-d, m-w, etc.1) moreover more on their phonetic equivalent which encourages the child to think in abstractions directing his attention to the sound of the letter and not the mere appearance of it. Memorization, Rand further holds, is appropriate only for the level of observation, when the childs capacity to understand is not developed yet. Another method Rand despises is the backchat Method. As implied, she prefers to have a instructor in the classroom to guide the students in learning about the subject and to not let them carry the learning process by their pre develop knowledge.Besides the self-evident fact that to learn is why they come to school in the first place, Rand prescribes that the teacher really teach what he expertly knows because to leave the deliberation to the students is to give them an illusion that they can know without being taught that they can claim expertise without really learning. It is not thinkable to learn from this method because as Rand tells us, the students are clueless about that which is supposed to be lectured.To employ this method, according to Rand is to give the false idea that any persons opinion can be the right answer or that the right answer can be produced by a person who does not yet know anything about what is being talked about. This cannot be for the truth is independent of anyones mere whims and this, in turn is the reason why education is super significant and relevant and must remain so by imparting on the students the knowledge and the skills necessary for his harvest-tide as a rational being.I think that the reason why Rand says that this method is inappropriate for the students is because the mind prior to learning about the subject is, to say still immature. By this immaturity, they are compulsive to be hostile people, indulging them to the guilty habits of criticism instead of creativity for they mistakenly think that to squelch a bad argument is to construct a near one. We can see very clear here how Rand tak es it to be an awfully big mistake to leave students of any age unguided and remaining to themselves when they in fact need to learn and thus to be taught by a superior more knowledgeable than him.To conclude, Rand takes the psychology and philosophical system of Maria Montessori and John Locke in her introductory idea of education. Her metaphysics on the one hand rests on the grassroots idea that there is an objective reality that the child will naturally belong to in which he will find proper distinction between reality and consciousness. Her epistemology on the other hand lies on the thought that every person is born without knowledge but has the potential to exercise his rational capacity if given the due opportunities for development.Moreover, it is best to develop a persons cognitive skills when he is young not only because it is when he is most ready and willing to do so but also because for Rand, a purposeful and disciplined intelligence is the highest achievement possi ble to man. Implied then by her basic ideas derived from Montessori and Locke, Rand takes a common stance with the position of Perennialism. 2 Abigail Thea O. Canuto EDFD 201 (HZQ2)/ Thursdays, 530-830 P. M. 2003-31176 / MA TEG (K-2) Prof.Muega / A Paper on The Comprachicos II. Evaluating Ayn Rands Philosophy and Psychology of Education from the Standpoint of Pragmatism, Essentialism and Perennialism, Existentialism, Social Reconstructionism and Marxism As evaluated earlier, the philosophy and psychology of Ayn Rand with regards to education rests on the basic idea that man is rational born with a Tabula Rasa mind that is to be filled with knowledge brought by experiences he will have in the world.She also holds that cognitive training is best started as soon as possible, which is in the nursery level because it is when the child is most ready and willing to learn about the reality and that to delay, or even worse to provide what I may call a wrong education will greatly impede his reason which is his basic means of survival his reason. Again, the wrong education that I turn in to be in Rands oblige is basically the Progressivist method and any classroom frame-up that leaves the child to the whims and immature ideas of the collective.Pragmatism, especially that of John Dewey is just one of the various positions contended by Rand. Perhaps the most apparent distinctions that can be made between these two views is the way they regard reality and everything in it valet experience, ideas, truth and so on. On the one hand, Rand believes that reality is objective and unchanging and that the experience man derives from this reality is primarily for his own ends alone.She does not think that what man learns from his surround should be directed towards the good of the confederation or any other person because to do so would be to surrender ones own will and rationality. Rand says that to be rational is to refuse to act based on the collectives demand and that this refusal makes him properly selfish. On the other hand, Pragmatism stresses that the reality is changing what exists is an turn out universe of constant flux. This position believes that we cannot say that there are metaphysical absolutes because this assertion is unverifiable by sympathetic experience.Instead of resting his ideas on an objective, unchanging reality, the Pragmatists prefer to give emphasis on being, work and action as twind to ideas, spirit and thought, which are targeted to the betterment of the hunting lodge to solve its problems. It thus follows that Pragmatism proposes an epistemology that is conditioned by societal institutions. By this, this view is in favor of experimental learning wherein theories which are derived from experience are tested and applied and that which contributes and affects the society in the best way is perpetuated.By extension, truth and morality then are not things that are absolute but are, respectively a tentative assertion based on the application of hypotheses to solving problems and determine that arose from outcomes of gracious responses to varying situations. In evaluating Rands philosophy and psychology from the standpoint of the different positions through the use of my own interpretation, I deem it highly significant to first categorize where I think the latters ideas are coming from. Pragmatism, in my opinion does not choose the society over the individual(a).I do not think that its intention is to diminish the value of the individual man in order to promote progress of the society. What I think it does rather is to try to bring together, as harmoniously as possible homosexual beings in every community to work together for the good of the group not only for the group itself but also because the group inevitably affects the individual. The point of the matter for Pragmatists, in my opinion is that every person is a member of a group and what happens in that group affects the individual.What best be done is to act and react based on what can be verified by human experience and to do so as freely as possible, unlimited by absolutes that act as constraints to the research of every man. Therefore, Pragmatism would disagree with Rand in saying that the child should not be left to a group of other children and not to let him pursue activities based on his interests. This method is, on the opposed what best helps children in teaching them to be open to numerous possibilities that are discoverable by their minds through inquiry.Moreover, to let children mingle with other people especially those of their own age introduces them to the genius of a participatory society one that fosters virtues of sharing, of waiting and of cooperating which I think would come in very useful in establishing healthy relationships in adult life. Rather than what Rand says about this method as justifying the omnipotency of the pack, the Pragmatists would say that to be with other men is the natural sta te of every individual and to expose them to this nature would better prepare them for a productive and empathic existence with each other, mutually beneficial for each and every man.Additionally, Rands method of cognitive training would, for Pragmatism limit that childs capacity for free inquiry. Rather than the traditionalistic way of teaching with the instructor merely imparting knowledge and skills, the Pragmatists are more inclined in an activity method which involves play, construction, nature-study and self-expression. These activities are I think formulated by the Pragmatists not for the reason of clogging the cognitive development of the child.Contradictory, the activity method enhances not only the thinking ability but the capacity of this ability to speculate critically by firsthand experience, by concept-building, by getting acquainted with the environment and by doing all these through expressing the self. Pragmatism would thus see Rands general thought regarding educa tion as imposing on the individual limiting the childs capacity of learning by himself through play which he enjoys in his young age and helps a lot in critical thinking by inquiry and living in harmony with others.Finally, Rand says that the Pragmatists see the mere absorption of facts and values does not provide any social gain in this I do not think that the latter would disagree. Conversely, the Pragmatists would not say that the activity method would make a child kick downstairs to the pack for what they promote is not submission but cooperation. The positions that are most similar to Rands thought on education, on the other hand are Essentialism and Perennialism.I find these views as very similar to each other but to properly distinguish and outline their individual points is nevertheless significant to see how incisively Rands ideas are alike with them and determine where they would diverge from each other. Essentialism, from its name itself talks about basic education. It calls for a return to the essential subjects that have been proven to be useful in the past and are likely to be beneficial in the future. Essentialism says that such a return is needed because the modernization of education, by the relaxation of academic standards for widespread social promotion and by the dominant educational theories that are weaken are causing academic standards to fall.Its orientation is thus very scholastic, holding that societal problems should not block academics. Essentialism deems it of high importance to transmit generative skills and quick-witted disciplines that identify and perpetuate basic cultural elements. Hence, the teacher should exhibit high competence of the subject and of the task of bequeathing such knowledge to the students for the needed mastery in preparation for work and citizenship. All these, according to the Essentialists cannot be accomplished in a Progressivist classroom where the momentum rules, destabilizing the primary function of the school.Rands theory of education perpetuates the idea of basic education by Essentialism. Because of the stance that Rand takes with regards to man as being rational and in need of cognitive training, she proposes a classroom setup where a teacher handles the class in his full capacity to pass on knowledge that the children came to the school to learn about. Conversely, Rands idea of a purposeful and disciplined use of intelligence is also in common ground with what Essentialism promotes as it would be attained in an environment of systematic and sequential learning.Interestingly, where one might tend to see Rands theory as alike with Essentialism is in her proclamation that the slimy quality of mans use of reason and the increasing frequencies and number of people engaging in violent behavior and drug use should be attributed to the educational system that has plagued human life for umteen years. However, I find it very remarkable that the precise aspect of the system tha t Rand is blaming for the status quo is different from what the Essentialists are talking about.As discussed earlier, Essentialism is fighting against the Progressivist schools that cater to childrens whims because they destroy the academic function of the school, which is to impart basic skills and knowledge that are useful in the past and will likely be useful in the future. The justification of the preservation that the Essentialists are vying for is that they believe that such basic education is what is needed for a person to grow a liable adult who will gear his capacity towards economic productivity and growth. This is where I find a separation between Rand and the Essentialists.Rand criticizes Progressivism because it hinders the child from developing his capability to become a fully-functioning rational being by making him adjust to the pack. She does not say anything about the societys growth being impeded for in my opinion, it is not what she is most concerned about. The Essentialists, I think would find the political platform and the method of teaching of Rand as those that would best encourage their thesis of preserving basic knowledge but they do not share her sentiments with regards to the rationality of man.Furthermore, the Essentialists share Rands views in expressing that the declining education is to be held responsible for personnel and drug abuse that are getting more rampant nowadays. I have observed, however that while Essentialism blamed the Progressivists permissivism to students thus leading them astray, Rand tells us that such malady in the lifestyle of people directly is an evidence of their impaired rationalitys search for a high reality or higher(prenominal) experience. The ideas of Rand and the Essentialist are indeed related but quite unlike each other.They do not oppose each other but they nevertheless do not meet at the same point of the arguments. Perennialism, on the other hand promotes an education of man that upholds h is potentialities an education that is based on the universal characteristics of human nature. It goes further than Essentialism in promoting basic education it does so in the name of rationality, that which, as Rand says defines us as human. Further, rationality is mans highest attribute thus the cultivation of intellect is educations highest goal.Rand, as well as the Perennialists blame the social orientation of todays education to the growing malaise in the situation of man. They both proclaim that when students are left to educational trends that lean towards mere whims and emotions of the students and fair(a) educators, they are brought to internalize false notions of success and progress (i. e. emphasis on the society, premature vocational training, limited economic training) that contradicts their individuality their nature to be objective.This is the inevitable result of the elimination of the proper cultivation of intellectual abilities by means of acquainting them to an objective and universal reality, one that is in line with their existence and human nature, also objective and universal. The Perennialists would thus correspond Rand in the idea that a proper study of metaphysics would restore rationality. It is I believe the key point of their positions that the reality in which we live in is universal and our human nature is unchanging as well.To say then that rationality, which defines human nature, is constant implies that education should be fixed as well. Perennialism, like Rand also emphasizes that the students come to school because they wish to know that is why it is imperative for the teachers to be mature competent and knowledgeable about the subject. They both talk about a classroom setup which is open not to the mercy of the whims and emotions of the students but to the development of their cognitive abilities in a structured manner thus avoiding the tendency to be anarchic or despotic.The curriculum and the subject matter that they s peak of are those that are systematic and sequential, thus both want to foster the basic skills in the younger years of the child to help him prepare for the disciplines he would need to study later. Moreover, the consciousness of the child should begin with his immediate environment and the idea that it is universal and objective before immersing him into a group in order for him to identify himself first as belonging in the reality thus achieving self-identity.By extension, Perennialism together with Rand would find that when the child is older, he will not be driven to the physical sciences to escape questions of morality and other issues in the humanities. The Perennialists would I think agree with Rand that a symptom that a persons rationality is in good condition is when he is asking and forming his own concepts of these kinds of problems. I have found thus that the general views of Rand and Perennialism are alike except on some orientation (not root or ground) in their positi ons.Just to note, I have noticed that while Perennialism is usually associated with religion and the relationship of the individual to the universe and with God, Rand was a noted atheist. This interestingly does not cause them to conflict with each other since they remain resolute on the universality of metaphysics and epistemology which is not affected with a belief or a disbelief in a higher being. Another position (or rather an inclination) that takes a totally different view of reality and human nature from Rands is I find, very fascinating to discuss.I say so because I have cognize that even though they are very distinct from each other, at some point they still manage to meet. Existentialism is well-known for its statement existence precedes essence. Human nature, for them is subjective and independent from any antecedent reality thus negating Rands idea of metaphysics as objective and universal.For the existentialists, the freedom to choose is mans highest attribute and no t reason for if such is the case, then they cannot choose reason as a value. To be rational, thus is something for an individual to choose. This thesis is extended to the human purpose, which is also subjective for every person. One man can make and define his own purpose and his own alone he is responsible for his every action that is derived from his freedom as a human being independent of the opinions of other people and on any reality that some may assume to exist before him.The existentialists thus would not agree with Rand in saying that man should be introduced to an objective and unchanging reality because it limits him in constructing his own definition of his existence. They further, unlike Rand do not see any problem with seeing the individual as not only possessing abilities for rationality but also for irrationality, feelings, and affective characteristics. They claim to see a person in more varied terms because they do not believe that one can simply define him as just rational or just emotional and so on.Human beings are to complex for this kind of definition, they say. The values, moral dispositions and the validity of knowledge for the Existentialists are thus to be determined by the individual. This is not to say, as Rand does that truth for instance becomes dependent on a collective group that the individual loses himself in conformity. Rather, what the Existentialists mean is that mans determination of values, morality and knowledge validity stems from the recognition that human experience is subjective basically because of every persons capability and freedom to choose.Therefore, while Rand speculates that it is reason, impaired or properly developed that determines how a person lives his life, for the Existentialists it is the freedom to choose which never wavers regardless of the situation he is in. For both points of view however, though what they interpret to be the highest attribute of man (reason vs. freedom to choose) is unbending and unchanging, it can still be limited and impeded by a crucial factor.That which harms human existence is one and the same thing for Rand and the existentialists a societal orientation or the growth of a cud society. Both the Existentialists and Rand claim that the quality of human life is threatened because of the group that makes a student conform to it, thus preventing him to decide for his own and think in terms of his own liking. The general tendency of the Progressivist school, both for Rand and Existentialism is to be coercive on the student, alienating him if he expresses creativity and divergence from the norms.However, because of the rigidity of human nature, both contend that the essence of being human survives even in the bleakest of moments. Rand, on the one hand does not coin the term choose in saying that mans rationality will find ways of alternative expression in later life (i. e. drug addiction, violent behavior). She instead expresses it in a way that means tha t a man does not really choose for his rationality to be expressed in whatever way the way it expresses itself is dependent on the cognitive training he receives in the course of his academic life.On the other hand, the Existentialists hold that his freedom to choose is the thing that lives on and even if he is oppressed and alienated, he can still choose to either conform, to submit or to revolt. With regard to the classroom setup and method of instruction, the Existentialists would find what Rand is proposing as prescriptive because they might interpret it as placing too much emphasis on the role of the teacher in imparting knowledge than letting the student discover for his own even when young.The Existentialists, hence would find the main goal of education to be that of cultivating in the children the freedom to choose and awareness of this freedom. They would agree with Rand insofar as, perhaps, autonomy and emphasis on the self is concerned but they definitely denounce her ide a of rationality as mans basic essence for such an idea limits and prescribes the individual to, in my interpretation, act rationally. Another position that detects problems in the status quo is what is called Social Reconstructionism.It talks of a cultural crisis, brought about by the growing population, conflicts between different cultures especially by discrimination, environmental pollution, violence and terrorism that threaten human existence. All these predicaments infiltrating human life, they say can be traced to the severing of human values from social and economic realities. What the Reconstructionists propose, from the name of the position itself is a reconstruction of personal and social experience to correct society.The obvious implication of this thesis, of course is that culture and society is not universal, it continually grows with the direction of its growth depending on the time, place, people and the general circumstance of it. Conversely, human can refashion cu lture to fit and promote human development and growth. Social Reconstructionism would thus first and foremost denounce what Rand calls an objective and universal reality because it believes that change is a necessary feature of human life.The absence of change for them, I think is like a dead society it is deprived of its potential for progress and betterment, all things in it obsolete and useless. The Reconstructionists would not support Rand in her theory that students should be encouraged to be selfish because he is rational and that to use ones reason is by nature a selfish affair rather, they would declare that there is no room for selfishness in any society at any time for how can progress be realized if men used their rationality for mere thinking and not much doing?The solution, according to the Reconstructionists is not to eliminate or deny the process of change but to learn to cope with it. As they put it, change itself did not provoke crisis crisis occurred when man was unprepared to cope with it. They would hence find Rands virtue of selfishness as dangerous because it discourages social cooperation, perhaps because it hastily concludes that to belong in a group is to conform to it, losing ones individuality.I do not think that the Reconstructionists have any problem with Rands assertion that man is rational and that it is what makes him human. On the other hand, what they would propose is that such rationality should be geared towards social progress for cognitive training for the saki of rationality only will not render any gain for society. Schools then should educate students with a deliberate purpose to inculcate in him a commitment to work for deliberate social reform and a planning attitude for cultural revision.For them, there is nothing wrong with orienting students even when young, a sense of cooperation and the acknowledgement that reality is changing not only because it is the case but also because it is hazard rapidly and to ignore or deny it would cause a lag between the moral consciousness and social organization and technological inventiveness. They do not propose mere conformity to the group but they also do not renounce that the society and culture is imposing on the individual.

Hemophilia Summary Essay Example for Free

Hemophilia Summary EssayBackground-Hemophilia A is an inherited disorder in which one of the proteins chartered to form none overloads is lose or vehementuced. This lacking protein is known as relationship coagulate portion 8. Without F8, the blood tummynot back up properly to wait bleeding and can result in overweening bleeding or disabilities.Hemophilia A-When blood is not able to clot and allot wounds to heal, this is a result of Hemophilia ASymptoms Include-Prolonged bleeding from cuts-Excessive nose bleeds-Many large bruisings-1 in 5,000 males are affectedBlood Coagulation-Blood coagulation is the defensive process that causes blood to clot and helps prevent excessive blood loss when blood vessels are injured. -Coagulation is a complex process that involves 20 to 30 components, called blood coagulation actors, and a series of complex chemical responses. -When a blood vessel is injured, platelets in the field of view of the damage clump together and stick to the edges of the cut to begin the coagulation process. -Platelets are fragments of cells containing clotting factors and receive a major role in blood clotting. -These clotting factors help platelets stick together and stumble fibrin.(These clotting factors combine with a protein called prothrombin in a reaction that converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen (a protein present in plasma) into long, sticky threads of an otherwise protein called fibrin) -The fibrin forms a mesh-like net over the opening and traps red blood cells as they try to leak out of the cut. -As the clot hardens, it forms a protective seal over the cut so that the injury can heal and the vessel wall can be restored. divisor 8-One specific intrinsic clotting cofactor that stabilizes the fibrin clot is Factor 8. -F8 is activated by thrombin in the aim and is a cofactor in the activation of factor X (WHAT DOES X DO) -Ultimately Factor F8 cross-links fibrin polymers solidifying the clot. -Without this coagulation factor, vessels are not able to heal and therefore result in excessive bleeding (also known as Hemophilia A)Causes of F8 deficiency-Numerous mutations in the gene structure have been discovered. -Genetic abnormalities include genetic deletions of variable size, abnormalities with stop codons, and frame-shift defects. -Data suggest that 45% of severe hemophilia A cases result from an inversion mutation.F8 Gene-the F8 gene is rigid in the proximal part of chromosome X and is expressed in human liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and a variety of other tissues, -Its one of the largest genes it is 186 kilobases (kb) long and has a 9-kb coding neighbourhood that contains 26 exons and 25 introns. -The shaded green region to a full blue and incomplete red displays that the gene gets transcribed into mRNA but not translated into proteins. Shaded green is the 5 and 3 untranslated regions that are able to bind to something else.-variant (1) consists of 26 exons and encodes the full-length isoform (a)-variant (2) contains an unique 5 exon located within intron 22 of transcript variant 1Crystal anatomical structureIs composed of a Ca Ion, Cu Ion, Alpha-D-Mannose N-Acetyl-D-Glucoamine. (Find out the importance/functions of these..?) Arrows = beta sheetsCoils = alpha helix-how the F8 factor is incorporated / works in the overall protein.-responsible for generating the larger amounts of Xa and thrombin required for clot formation.-Covalent cross-linking of fibrin polymers by activated factor XIII (XIIIa) is required for adequate clot strength and normal wound healing.-How it works catalyzes a transglutamination reaction that initially cross-links the C-terminal ends of the g chains on adjacent fibrin monomers. inherent / ExtrinsicIt turns out that you actually need some(prenominal) the intrinsic and inessential pamphlets in your body. In a test tube, you can form fibrin on either pathway. But in the body, the pathways are intertwined in such a way that if youre missing something on either the extrinsic or intrinsic side, you wont be able to clot properly.In our bodies, the thing that kicks off the clotting cascade is tissue factor exposure. Tissue factor is not floating around in the blood normally or at least, it isnt normally gross to the blood (it might be in junior-grade membrane fragments, but its not progressive until its needed). When you need to form a clot, tissue factor appears, and together with factor VIIa (which happens to be bonnie floating around in the blood) it converts factor X to Xa (which then converts prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin). So clotting initially begins along the extrinsic pathway.The weird thing, though, is that as soon as we make a little Xa, that Xa (along with the aptly-named tissue factor pathway inhibitor) turns off the extrinsic pathway A little thrombin is formed, though, before the pathway gets turned off and that thrombin kicks off the intrinsic pathway (the other side of the cascade, with factors VIII and IX). Fibrin formation then proceeds along this pathway until its no longer needed.The bottom line is you need both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to form fibrin in vivo. If you dont have factors VIII or IX, you cant utilize the intrinsic pathway and youll have a very hard time forming fibrinIntrinsic / ExtrinsicInclude the two different pathways that lead to the formation of a fibrin clot the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. Although they are initiated by distinct mechanisms, the two converge on a common pathway that leads to clot formation. Both pathways are complex and involve numerous different proteins termed clotting factors.

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of exercise EssayAs a young child, I was attracted to sci-fi films because of exploration of the planets. Anyone, who has ever seen the television series mavin Wars, will never forget the imposing space ships connecting planets, robot troops dangerous battles in the space, and of course, devil human-like robots. In the television series Star Trek, I really took part in adventures of the Enterprise spaceship to mysterious planets at the speed of light.These films gave me a question Can we create a machine having countersign as human? The question is still haunting me, and becoming an computer engineering To indulge in natural science in my childhood, I became excellent in physics, chemistry, and especially in math. I had win three times in math competition, two in high school, and one in Tarrant County College. It seemed alone logical that I take a career in computer engineering. In the realm of engineering, I have developed a special interest in the field of art ificial intelligence and had interpreted a programming course.I was a technical assistant at Department of Automation and Robotics of take of Applied Mechanics in my country, Vietnam, I learned about its many practical applications, especially in relation to automation and robotic. It also helps me understand more about my major. Another particular interest of mine is theoretical physics. I am attracted by philosophy of physics, theoretical physics, Eastern philosophy ideologies about social organization of the universe, similarities between meditator and scientists. Later I would like to work in the area of research and development for industry.It is in research and development that I will make the greatest contri exactlyion, utilizing my theoretical background and creativity as a scientist. As Sun Tzu said A journey of a thousand miles begins with a integrity step, being admitted to SEO program is not only a good single step to begin my journey, but also the greatest chance for me to open the door of graduate school. The program will help me to further practical experiences. It also gives me ideas what reality needs, so that I will have better direction to pursue in my professional goals.

War against Terrorism Essay Example for Free

contend against Terrorism EssayTerrorism means spreading terror or horror through unknown activities such as bomb blasts etc. An act of terrorism spreads panic among the people so it stick out be said that the main purpose of terrorism is to spread panic in a busy area or throughout the country. The use of word terrorism has become very common afterward the act on World Trade Center on 11th September 2001.Terrorism is the almost challenging issue which must be essentially controlled by law enforcing authorities or the intelligence information agencies. The most destructive terrorists activities includes suicide and bomb blast, target killing and murder and so on that is through with(p) suddenly and secretly and offcorse it is the most fierce and horrible terrorism in which thousands of innocent people mixed-up their lives. A very crowded spots which includes markets, buildings, properties and even religious buildings have been targeted by the terrorists. It is the most flagellum and most serious and sincere which must be strictly controlled and every one should take segmentation in War against Terrorism to bring peace in all over the world.Terrorism is the arrogant use of violent terror as a means of coercion. In the international community, terrorism has no legally binding, criminal law definition.12 Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intend to create fear (terror) are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar tactical manoeuvre by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism, though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group.The word terrorism is politically and emotionally charged,3 and this greatly compounds the di fficulty of providing a very(prenominal) definition. Studies have found over 100 definitions of terrorism.45 The concept of terrorism may be debatable as it is often used by state authorities (and individuals with access to state support) to delegitimize political or other opponents,6 and potentially legitimize the states own use of armed forceagainst opponents (such use of force may be described as terror by opponents of the state).67Terrorism has been practiced by a blanket(a) array of political organizations to further their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, flag-waving(prenominal) groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments.8 An abiding characteristic is the indiscriminate use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. The symbolism of terrorism can leverage human fear to help achieve these goals.9

Ratio Analysis to Determine Corporate Health Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis to Determine Corporate Health EssayOne must treat many factors before deciding whether or not to invest in a company. The following is an synopsis and comparison of the health of two well known companies, Exxon and Wal-Mart. Some of the factors that were analyzed include current dimensionn, record turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and days sales in inventory. Most of the values used for the calculations were obtained from Yahoo Finance. Current ratio evaluates a companys ability to pay its short-term obligations (Wild, 2008). Exxons current ratio of 1. indicates that it should not have any issues paying its short-term obligations.In contrast, Wal-Marts current ratio of 0. 88, indicates that the companys current liabilities exceed current assets and thus investors should be doubtful of its ability to pay short-term obligations. register turnover is another indicator of a companys ability to pay short-term debt. Specifically, it is the subroutine of ti mes a companys average inventory is sold during a period (Wild, 2008). Wal-Marts inventory turnover of 9. indicates that it may be holding much inventory than it needs, and thus it may be using its assets in efficiently. Exxons inventory turnover of 28. 31 is more preferable, as long as inventory adequately meets demand (Wild, 2008).These numbers show that Wal-Mart may be having difficulties paying its short-term debt and thus caution should be warranted. Accounts receivable turnover measure the quality and fluidity of accounts receivable. Thus it indicates how often receivable are received and collected during the period (Wild, 2008). Exxons accounts receivable turnover is 15. while Walmarts is 107. 3. Exxons low turnover suggests management should consider stricter credit terms and more aggressive collection efforts to vacate its resources being tied up in accounts receivables. On the other hand, Wal-Marts high turnover implies the turnabout management should consider using mor e liberal credit terms.While accounts receivable turnover measures the liquidity of accounts receivables, days sales in inventory is useful in evaluating liquidity of inventory (Wild, 2008). Exxons days sales in inventory is 13. 2 and Wal-Marts is 38. Exxons lower days sales in inventory value indicates that the company uses its resources more efficiently. Conclusion All things considered, Exxon attends to be a more unwavering company in which a first time melodic line-buyer should invest. While both are major companies, which appear to have solid numbers, Exxon seems to be the more stable and reliable company. Specifically Exxon seems to manage its assets better and seems more likely to be able to pay its short term debt. Nonetheless, one should invest in stock that he or she feels better represents his or her goals.

Hydro Power Essay Example for Free

Hydro Power EssayWorldwide, hydro proponent specifys produce about 24 percent of the worlds electricity and fork up more than 1 billion people with power. The worlds hydropower plants outfit a combined total of675,000 megawatts, the heftiness tantamount(predicate) of 3.6 billion barrels of oil, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. There atomic number 18 more than 2,000 hydropower plants in operation(p) in the United States, making hydropower the countrys largest renewable energy source. In this article, well take a pure tone at how falling urine creates energy and learn about the hydrologic cycle that creates the wet flow crucial for hydropower. You will also get a glimpse at one unique application of hydropower that whitethorn affect your daily life.1.INTRODUCTIONThe basic principle of hydropower is that if water can be piped from a certain train to a lour level, then the resulting water pressure can be utilise to do work. If the water pressure i s allowed to move a mechanical component then that movement involves the conversion of the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy. Hydro turbines convert water pressure into mechanical shaft power, which can be partd to drive an electricity generator, a grinding mill or some other serviceable device.2.HistoryThe use of falling water as a source of energy is known for a long time. In the ancient times waterwheels were used already, but only at the beginning of the nineteenth century with the instauration of the hydro turbine the use of hydropower got a new impulse.Small- subdue hydropower was the most common way of electricity generating in the early twentieth century. In 1924 for example in Switzerland nearly 7000 undersized scale hydropower stations were in use. The improvement of dissemination possibilities of electricity by means of high voltage transmission lines caused fainted interest in small scale hydropower.Renewed interest in the technology of small scal e hydropower started in China. Estimates say that between 1970 and 1985 nearly 76,000 small scale hydro stations have been built there3.Advantages and disadvantagesHydropower is a very clean source of energy. It does non consume but only uses the water, after use it is available for other purposes (although on a lower berth horizontal level). The conversion of the potential energy of water into mechanical energy is a technology with a high efficiency (in most cases double that of conventional thermal power stations).The use of hydropower can straighten out a contribution to savings on exhaustible energy sources. Each 600 kWh of electricity retortd with a hydro plant is equivalent to 1 barrel of oil (assuming an efficiency of 38 % for the conversion of oil into electricity).The main advantages of hydropower are * power is usually continuously available on demand, * given a reasonable head, it is a tough energy source, * the energy available is predictable, * no fuel and limited maintenance are required, so rivulet costs are low (compared with diesel power) and in many cases imports are displaced to the benefit of the local economy, * it is a long-lasting and robust technology systems can last for 50 years or more without major(ip) new investments.Against these, the main shortcomings are * it is a site specific technology and sites that are well suit to the harnessing of water power and are also close to a location where the power can be economically exploited are not very common, * there is always a maximum useful power output available from a given hydropower site, which limits the level of expansion of activities which make use of the power, * river flows often vary considerably with the seasons, especially where there are monsoon-type climates and this can limit the firm power output to quite a small fraction of the possible peak output, * lack of familiarity with the technology and how to apply it inhibits the ontogenesis of hydro resources in some areas.4.From water to WattsTo know the power potential of water in a river it is necessary to know the flow in the river and the available head.The flow of the river is the amount of water (in m3 or litres) which passes in a certain amount of time a cross section of the river. Flows are normally given in cubic meters per second (m3/s) or in litres per second (l/s).Head is the vertical difference in level (in meters) the water falls down.The theoretical power (P) available from a given head of water is in slender proportion to the head H and the flow Q.P=Q H c c = constantThe constant c is the yield of the density of water and the acceleration due to gravity (g).If P is measured in Watts, Q in m3/s and H in meters, the gross power of the flow of water isP=1000 9.8 Q HThis available power will be converted by the hydro turbine in mechanical power. As a turbine has an efficiency lower than 1, the generated power will be a fraction of the available gross power.Applications.Hydro power is also use by large scale companies as a private use. Many large mining companies or aluminium manufacturers use vast amounts of electrical so rather than buying from the state they can generate their own power by using hydro power generation.